The Ramifications of Prejudice and Discrimination Essay example -- une

Introduction Classifying oneself to be the object of prejudice or discrimination has demonstrable, negative impact upon the individual (Dion, 2002). Prejudice is a mixture of preconceived beliefs and negative attitudes towards a certain group of people. Whereas discrimination involves physical action and unequal treatment towards a particular group. Research indicates prejudice and discrimination are more or less interchangeably, with altered referents and slightly different meanings (Zastrow, 2007). Minorities have been the victims of prejudice and discrimination for many years (Dion, 2002). Certain minorities such as African American’s have been targeted and treated unfairly (Zastrow, 2007). For example, a Caucasian person can go into a store to shop without being followed or harassed however, an African American may not have the same experience. Throughout America in some instances Hernstein and Murray asserts that Caucasians are more intelligent, because IQ test demonstrate Caucasians average scores of 10 to 15 points higher than African Americans. Research revealed that those IQ test were racially imbalanced (Zastrow, 2007). American culture has been ambivalent, viewing race and ethnicity both as sources of pride, meaning, and motivation as well as sources of prejudice, discrimination, and inequality. Prejudice is a combination of stereotyped beliefs and negative attitudes (Markus, 2008). Perceived prejudice and discrimination, under some circumstances, may help buffer or protect aspects of the self-concept for members of certain minority or subordinate groups, in some instances (Dion, 2002). These terms stem from ethnocentrism, which according to Zastrow, (2007) is defined as a set of beliefs that holds one’s own cul... ...tive taking ability: Developmental, theoretical, and empirical trends. In S. M. Quintana & C. McKown (Eds.), Handbook of Race, Racism, and the Developing Child. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Reeves, K. (2000). Racism And Projection Of The Shadow. Psychotherapy. 37, 1. Rosik, C.H., Smith, L.L, (2009). Perceptions of Religiously Based Discrimination Among Christian Students in Secular and Christian University Settings. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. American Psychological Association. 4, 207–217 1941-1022/09 doi: 10.1037/a0017076. Schriver, J.M. (2011). Human Behavior and Social Environment: Shifting Paradigms essential knowledge for social work practice (5th Edition). Needham Heights, MA: Peason A & Bacon. Zastrow, C. H., & Krist-Ashman, K.K. (2007). Understanding Human Behavior and the Social Environment (7th Edition.) Belmont, CA: Thompson-Brooks/Cole.

Legal and regulatory environment

The basic principle in taxation is that the income is always taxed at the situs of taxation.   This means that income is usually taxed at the source of the income.   Every time income, as in this case, is earned in a France and in Austria then the taxing authority of that area has the right to collect tax on that realized income.   It must be important to remember that the right to tax the income realized is only for the actual realized income.   It is fundamental in taxation that income that has not been realized such as stock dividends or bonds without yield do not fall under income for purposes of taxation. Another important principle is that foreigners are also liable for taxes under the local taxing authority under where they earn their income.   It does not basically follow that just because a person, in this case Frida, is a foreign national that she owes taxes to her country of citizenship.   While she does owe her country of citizenship a certain percentage of taxes, she is only liable for the income that was earned exclusively within the taxing jurisdiction of that country save in cases where she remits the income back to her country and such is subject to another tax but not based on income tax. In this scenario, Frida is liable to pay taxes to her country, Chile, to her place of business, the United States, to the country where her chateau is located, France and if her bonds earn any returns, Australia.   The reason for this, as explained earlier, is that Frida is liable to the countries where she earned her income.   Since she is a citizen of Chile, she owes Chile any taxes on any income that she has earned in Chile.   She is liable to the United States for any income that she may have earned there from her realized income from her Savings and Drug Corporation.   Her liability in France is based on her income from the chateau that she owns there.   Finally, in the event that the bonds which she owns in Australia offer any return or interest yield, she has to pay the proportional amount of taxes to the local taxing authority there. The countries will only be able to tax Frida on the basis of the actual income that was realized within their jurisdiction.   It is a fundamental principle of taxation that only income actually realized can be the basis of taxation.   In this case, France can tax the rental income generated from the chateau because it constitutes realized income.   Any other income that is generated by Savings and Drug Corporation is taxed in the local taxing authority where the income is generated.   It must be remembered also that Frida is not necessarily liable to any of these countries wherein the Savings and Drug Corporation earns income because the corporation is a separate juridical entity that is taxed separately from the individual.   She is only liable for the income which she personally received from the company.   This is usually at the head office of the corporation. As previously mentioned, it is a principle in international private law that the local taxing authority has the right to tax any income that is generated within its jurisdiction.   By doing any sort of commercial or business transaction in a foreign jurisdiction that earns income, an entity is supposed to pay the proportional amount of taxes to the local authority.   This is under the principle that a benefit was gained from the business in that country to which the local taxing authority has a right to exact taxes from. Finally, in the case of double taxation treaties, the taxes that have already been collected on income generated abroad is generally not taxed again by the home country.   In case the double taxation treaty provides that income once taxed in a foreign jurisdiction is no longer subject to local taxes then the income that Frida earned in the United States and France can no longer be taxed in Chile or in certain cases be reduced according to a certain table. References: Hoffman, Phillipe and Kathryn Norberg (1994), Fiscal Crises, Liberty, and Representative Government, 1450-1789, p. 238. Zelizer, Julian E. Taxing America: Wilbur D. Mills, Congress, and the State, 1945–1975. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Dick Netzer, Economics of the Property Tax (1966); J. F. Due, Government Finance (4th ed. 1968); C. S. Shoup, Public Finance (1969); H. M. Groves, Financing Government (7th ed. 1973); C. Webber and A. Wildavsky, A History of Taxation and Expenditure in the Western World (1987).

Israelite and Greek Mythology Essay - 1132 Words

The Works and Days is a Greek myth containing an appropriated version of the Israelites Ten Commandments from The Bible. Throughout Works and Days, the myth constructs a virtually identical set of rules pertaining to moral conduct; all which, if disobey, are punishable by Zeus. Both the Israelites and the Greeks believe that their Lord (for the Greeks, specifically all powerful Zeus) distributes retribution to those who disobey these moral rules of conduct. In both texts, these guidelines for judgment are crucial because they give formal validity to the punishments that each god distributes. The similarities found are as a result of the Greek appropriation of the Israelites mythology, however, the differences and variations within the†¦show more content†¦Peace I about the land, fostering the young, and wide-seeing Zeus never marks out grievous war as their portion (West, 43). Within Works and Days, there is an equal amount of emphasis placed on the rewards as well as the consequences. However, within the book of Exodus, there is an elaborate list of consequences attributed to certain actions and very few discussions about rewards for ones actions. It is therefore sufficient to say that the Israelites put more emphasis on punishing those who are deviant and the Greeks provide incentive to behave justly as well as include consequences for deviants. This reflects on the societies in which they live in because the Israelites were not ruled in a kingdom and therefore essentially responsible for their own individual actions. The Greek society is distinctly different. The Greeks are ruled in a kingdom and therefore are encouraged to behave responsibly on behalf of the king. In many Greek kingdoms, those who represented the king well were rewarded with trophies. These myths reflect how each are rewarded and punished for their actions within society. In addition, within the Works and Days, there is no retribution for those who do not worship the Greek gods. Perhaps this is because the story is only directed at the Greeks themselves; in any case, this is an inherently distinguishing feature. In addition to constructing moral guidelines, the TenShow MoreRelatedThemes Of Art : Religion / Mythology And Worship1271 Words   |  6 Pagesthe most popular reoccurring themes in art is Religion/Mythology and worship. For thousands of years, humans have used art as a tool to showcase their beliefs to the world. From an idol that can be filled with blood and used as a sacrifice to a god, to a ceiling painted with events telling the story of the Bible, humans have used art to recognize the religious beliefs they hold so dearly. Sometimes, an artist would use a religion or mythology they didn’t practice solely as the subject of their workRead MoreEssay on Christianity vs. Greek Mythology1309 Words   |  6 PagesChristians and Greek s. 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